English Working
Words
by TruAlfa
& IndoDic.com
There are
a small number of English words that are used very frequently in all types of
discourse. We refer to these as "Working Words" because they are used
so often. Our classification of a word as a Working Word is highly subjective
and arbitrary. We aren't following rules or guidelines but simply selecting
words with very common usage that we feel are somewhat generic in character and
usable in all types of discourse. Working Words are hard to classify by
conventional methods because most can be classified as more than one word type
and some can be classified as having 3 or 4 different word types. For example,
a large percentage of prepositions are also classified as conjunctions and some
of these are considered adverbs as well. It all depends on the context in which
they are used. They often act as connectors to link parts of sentences and to add
notions or concepts to the connection. Working Words are words that show
relationships and deserve special study in the early stages of a language
learning program.
In the tables
below we present Working Words in two different ways. The first table has them
arranged in alphabetical order (Alpahabetic Listing) while the second table
arranges them by the notion or concept inherent in each (Concept Listing). The
same information is duplicated in each table, only the order of presentation is
changed. The Concept Listing table deemphasizes word type and emphasizes the
notion or concept that is inherent in each. For example, the word
"on" can be classified by word type as a preposition, conjunction,
adverb or adjective, depending on how it is used in a sentence. Yet it has the same basic meaning of
"being on top of" in each of these and always indicates "where"
something is. It normally acts to link an actor or object in a sentence to a
phrase that describes position. We group it and all the other working words
that describe position under the category "where". Similar groupings are
done for other concepts such as "when", "also",
"regarding", "qualifying", etc. Working Words that have
more than one concept are placed in more than one category. We hope this new
approach will be useful for persons who are writing English text and who want
to see Working Words grouped by concept.
We have provided
Indonesian translations for each Working Word to allow Indonesian speakers who
are learning English to scan these translations and select the English working
word that best fits the notion they are trying to convey. Sample usages in
English for each are also included. Working Words may not be exciting, flashy
or sexy but they are hard workers that act as a form of glue to connect thoughts
in sentences. Unfortunately, Working Words also confuse and complicate the
learning process because of their multiple uses and meanings. However, the
doors of learning will open wider for those who can master these most commonly
used English words early in the learning program. Selamat belajar!
Working Words Alphabetical Sort
by TruAlfa & IndoDic.com
Working Word Multiple
Use Hints Type Indonesian
Translation
a article = sebuah;
seekor; suatu; satu
about 1 approximately adv. =
sekitar; kira-kira; kurang lebih
about 2 nearby; in the area adv. =
dimana-mana; kemana-mana
about 3 concerning; regarding var. =
tentang; atas; akan hal; berhubungan dengan
above adv. = atas; di atas; ke atas
across 1 the other side; across from adv. =
seberang; berseberangan; sebelah sana
across 2 blocking; in a crosswise position adv. =
lintang; batas lintang
afar adv. = dari jarak jauh; dari
tempat yang jauh; dari kejauhan
afore before adv. = di hadapan; di muka;
sebelumnya
after adv. = kemudian; sehabis;
sesudah; setelah; pasca
afterward(s) adv. =
kemudian; kelak; selanjutnya; setelah itu; sesudahnya
again adv. = lagi; pula; sekali lagi
against 1 opposed to var. =
terhadap; berlawanan; berlanggar; anti
against 2 in contact with; touching var. =
bersampingan; bersanding; bertempel
ago adv. = dulu; dahulu; lewat;
silam; tadi; yang lalu
ahead adv. = terdepan; di depan; di
muka
all adj. = semua; segala; segenap;
sekalian; seantero
almost adv. = hampir; nyaris; kurang
sedikit
aloft adv. = atas; ke atas; di atas
along 1 on the way adv. =
terus; sejalan
along 2 along with; together with var. =
serta; bersama-sama; bersama dengan
already adv. = sudah; telah; pernah
also adv. = juga; pula; pun
although var. = biarpun; meskipun;
sungguhpun; walaupun
always adv. = selalu; senantiasa;
selamanya
amid var. = di tengah; di antara
amidst var. = di tengah; di antara
among var. = antara; di antara; di
tengah-tengah
an article = sebuah;
seekor; suatu; satu
and var. = dan; serta; juga
another 1 a different one pron. =
lain; yang lain
another 2 one more; an additional one adj. =
satu lagi
any adj. = suatu; apa saja
anyhow adv. = lagi pula; bagaimanapun
anytime adv. = kapan-kapan; kapan
saja; bila saja
anyway however; besides adv. = lagi pula; bagaimanapun
anywhere adv. = di mana-mana;
kemana-mana; di mana saja; ke mana saja
apart adv. = pisah; tercerai;
terlerai; terpisah; berjauhan
around surrounding; nearby adv. = sekitar; seputar;
sekeliling; dekat
as adv. = sebagai; selaku;
sebagaimana; secara; seperti
at var. = di; pada
away adv. = jauh; tidak dekat
awhile adv. = sebentar; sesaat
because var. = karena; sebab; oleh
karena
before 1 in front of adv. =
di hadapan; di muka; di depan
before 2 earlier in time adv. =
dulu; lebih dulu; dahulu; sebelum; sebelumnya; tadi
behind in the rear adv. = di balik; di belakang
below adv. = bawah; di bawah
beneath adv. = di bawah
beside adv. = di sebelah; bersanding;
bersampingan; di samping; di sisi
besides moreover var. = selain; kecuali; lagi
pula; adapula
between var. = antara; di antara
beyond on the other side adv. = sebelah sana; seberang
both adj. = kedua; kedua-duanya;
berdua
but var. = cuma; hanya; tapi;
tetapi; padahal
by var. = oleh; demi; dengan;
pada
close nearby adv. = dekat; berdekatan;
tidak jauh
closer nearer in distance adv. = lebih dekat; lebih
mendekat
constantly adv. = selalu; bertubi-tubi;
terus-menerus
continually adv. = senantiasa;
terus-menerus; terus-terusan; nonstop
currently adv. = sekarang; saat ini;
kini
despite in spite of var. = walaupun; meskipun
different adj. = lain; bhinneka;
berbeda; senjang; tidak sama
differing different adj. = tidak sama; lain;
berkelainan
down under; below adv. = ke bawah; di bawah
during while adv. = selama; sewaktu;
semasa; sepanjang
each adj. = tiap; setiap;
tiap-tiap; masing-masing; saban
earlier adv. = dulu; dahulu; lebih
dahulu; tadi
either one or the other adj. = salah satu di antara
dua; mana saja; entah
enough adv. = cukup; sembada; memadai
equally adv. = sama- sama; bersamaan;
rata-rata; merata
even 1 even though var. =
meski; meskipun; namun; kalaupun; pun
even 2 even if var. =
kalaupun; sekalipun; biarpun; kendatipun; jika
even 3 yet
var. =
masih; namun; malah; tapi; tetapi
even 4 while
var. =
pada waktu; pada saat
evenly fairly adv. = rata-rata; sama rata
ever adv. = pernah; senantiasa
every adj. = segala; tiap; setiap;
segenap; saban
except except for var. = kecuali; selain;
terkecuali; melainkan
fair alright; good adv. = boleh juga; patut;
pantas
fairly 1 rather; somewhat adv. =
agak; rada
fairly 2 with fairness adv. =
secara fair; secara rata; secara wajar; secara jujur; tidak
pilih kasih
far adv. = jauh; tidak dekat
farther adv. = lebih jauh
finally adv. = akhirnya; akibatnya;
walhasil; lama-lama; pada akhirnya
firstly adv. = pertama-tama
for 1 supporting; liking var. =
mendahulukan; mendukung; lebih suka
for 2 indicating object or purpose var. =
untuk; kepada; bagi; demi; akan
fore var. = hadapan; di depan
forever adv. = selamanya; selalu;
senantiasa; tanpa akhirnya
from 1 indicating prior place var. =
dari
from 2 since; indicating prior time var. =
sejak
from 3 different than; compared to var. =
daripada
further 1 farther; more far adv. =
jauh-jauh; lebih jauh
further 2 additional; advanced adv. =
lebih lanjut; selanjutnya
furthermore additionally adv. = mana lagi; lagi pula;
seterusnya; di samping itu
hence therefore var. = oleh karena itu; oleh
sebab itu
henceforth from here forward adv. = seterusnya; dari
sekarang; untuk selanjutnya
her pron. = kepunyaan (perempuan);
milik (perempuan)
here var. = ini; sini; di sini; ke
sini; kemari
hereafter hereinafter; following this
adv. =
kemudian; sesudah sekarang; setelah ini
hereby adv. = dengan ini
hers pron. = kepunyaan dia
(perempuan); miliknya (perempuan)
higher adv. = lebih tinggi
his pron. = kepunyaannya (lelaki)
how adv. = bagaimana; mana;
betapa; berapa
however var. = bagaimanapun; biarpun
begitu; betapapun; akan tetapi; walaupun demikian
if var. = jika; kalau; jikalau;
bila; andai; sekiranya; seandainya
in var. = dalam; di; di dalam; ke
dalam; pada
inside within var. = di dalam; dalam;
berkandung
insofar to the extent adv. = sepanjang; sejauh
instead var. = malah; malahan; sebagai
gantinya; sebagai pengganti
into var. = dalam; ke dalam
inward adv. = ke dalam; dalam batin
its possessive form of "it" pron. =
kepunyaan dia (benda)
just 1 merely; only adv. =
saja; aja; sahaja; hanya
just 2 precisely adv. =
tepat; pas
just 3 recently adv. =
baru; baru saja; baru-baru ini
largely mostly; mainly adv. = sebagian besar;
kebanyakan sekali
lastly adv. = pada akhirnya; akhirnya
lately adv. = akhir-akhir ini;
baru-baru ini; barusan ini; belakangan ini
later adv. = nanti; kelak; pasca
like similar to; as if adj. = bagai; sebagai;
seperti; serupa; mirip
lots